eye, Astaxanthin

The Effects of Astaxanthin – Eye Health by CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES The Effects of Astaxanthin - Eye Health   Astaxanthin for Eye Health   The advances of information technology, software and electronics have led to the widespread use of screen based equipment or Visual Display Terminals (VDT) for both work and leisure. According to The National Center for Education Statistics, about 90 percent of children and adolescents in developed countries, ages 5 to 17, use computers at school or at home. About 50 percent of 9-year-olds use the Internet and at least 75 percent by ages 15 to 17. This phenomenon often lead to asthenopia or eye fatigue. The symptoms include sensitivity to glare, headaches, sore eyes and blurred vision. A recent study conducted by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in USA found that over 90 percent of habitual users of VDT reported eyestrain and other visual problems associated with computer use. The American Optometric Association supported this in a survey reporting that between 50 and 75 percent of all VDT workers report eye problems. In another study conducted in Sweden, 23 percent of schoolchildren, aged 6-15 suffered from asthenopia-related symptoms (Anshel, 2009). Asthenopia prompted a large number of occupational safety studies. For example, epidemiological studies over the last decade revealed significant factors that contribute to eye fatigue. These studies, sometimes involving up to 6,000 sufferers identified the following causes: insufficient lighting, poor ergonomics and uncorrected vision. Despite the new information, follow-up studies later showed that the implemented improvements were only effective in 50% of sufferers. The possible explanations for this observation could be that other factors remained undiscovered, poor implementation of improvements, or visual work had become even more visually demanding. It is likely to be a combination of these factors so that current solutions are insufficient to reduce asthenopia.    Standardized questionnaires that assessed subjective eye fatigue symptoms are in most cases mild, but symptoms get progressively worse if the causes are not rectified. Furthermore, certain ophthalmological tests can also detect eye problems, for example accommodation amplitudes, rate of accommodative reaction (positive and negative directions), critical flicker fusion (CFF) and pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP). So far, 10 Japanese clinical studies conducted by 9 independent ophthalmological establishments were able to conclude the efficacy of astaxanthin to alleviate visual asthenopia by observed improvements in the accommodation function and recovery of the ciliary body (Figure 1); retinal blood flow and inflammation markers. Figure 1. Location of the ciliary body in the human eye    Astaxanthin Reduces Eye Fatigue Asthenopia (eye fatigue) occurs on a daily cycle, in that the visual performance generally decreases naturally from morning until night. This problem exacerbates with a daily VDT load that lasts between 4 to 7 hours by affecting the accommodation performance of the ciliary body, which controls lens refraction. A couple of randomized double blind placebo controlled pilot studies demonstrated the positive effects of astaxanthin supplementation on visual function. For example, a study by Nagaki et al., (2002), demonstrated that subjects (n=13) who received 5 mg astaxanthin per day for one month showed a 54% reduction of eye fatigue complaints (Figure 2). In a sports vision study led by Sawaki et al., (2002), they demonstrated that depth perception and critical flicker fusion had improved by 46% and 5% respectively on a daily dose of 6 mg (n=9). The effect of astaxanthin on visual performance prompted a number of other clinical studies to evaluate the optimum dose and identify the mechanism of action. Figure 2. VDT Subjects with Eye Strain Symptoms before and after astaxanthin supplementation         Overall, the 6 mg group improved significantly better at week 2 and 4 of the test period. Furthermore, questionnaire results obtained by Shiratori et al., (2005) and Nagaki et al., (2006), also confirmed the previous findings that astaxanthin supplementation at 6 mg for 4 weeks improved symptoms associated with tiredness, soreness, dryness and blurry vision. Another study by Takahashi & Kajita (2005), also demonstrated that astaxanthin attenuates induced-eye fatigue, as opposed to treating eye fatigue, which suggests prevention rather than treatment. Astaxanthin treated groups (asthenopia negative) were able to recover quicker than the control group after heavy visual stimulus. Later, Iwasaki & Tawara (2006) also confirmed the same tendencies of subjective eye fatigue complaints in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled double-crossover study. In addition to questionnaires, direct measurement associated with asthenopia is also strong indicators for understanding astaxanthin efficacy. These include accommodation amplitude (Figure 3); rate of accommodation reaction (positive and negative directions); CFF (critical flicker fusion) and PVEP (pattern visual evoked potential). Based on the quantitative information, the accommodation related measurements consistently improved after the treatment period (Nagaki et al., 2002, 2006; Nakamuraet al., 2004; Takahashi & Kajita, 2005; Shiratori et al., 2005; Nitta et al., 2005; Iwasaki & Tawara, 2006) whereas the CFF and PVEP remained inconclusive (Sawaki et al., 2002; Nagaki et al., 2002; Nakamura et al., 2004). Therefore, the mechanism by which astaxanthin improved eye fatigue strongly indicates accommodation. Figure 3. Objective accommodation (Nitta et al., 2005)    Objective accommodation amplitude improves with 6mg astaxanthin. Delaying Progression of Presbyopia In a questionnaire survey study conducted by Kajita et al. (2009), 77 percent of 22 elderly males (age 46-65), after ingested 6 mg of astaxanthin daily for 4 weeks, felt better about the subjective symptoms related to presbyopia – a reduced ability to focus on near objects caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens after age 45. In more detail, participants felt an improvement when seeing nearby objects and a decrease in blurred vision. This was followed by alleviation of eye strain and shoulder stiffness. In addition, the pupillary constriction ratio, used to assess the accommodative function of the eye, showed an overall improvement of 19 percent after supplementation of astaxanthin. Therefore, Kajita et al. (2009) concluded that astaxanthin may slow down the progression of presbyopia in middle-aged and elderly people. Mechanism of Action Accommodation Improvement   Accommodation measures the lens refractive property and it corresponds to the ciliary body function. This small ocular muscle controls the lens thickness in order to focus the light on the retina. In heavy visual workloads, the eye is focused on a fixed object distance for extended periods that will cause muscle spasms or develop fatigue detectable by accommodation tests. These tests are interrelated and include the following: accommodation amplitude; accommodation reaction (positive or negative) and high frequency component (HFC). Each clinical study used a combination of accommodation tests to indicate the amount of fatigue present. For example, increased accommodation amplitude in all treated subjects indicated improved reaction on near and far objects (Nagaki et al., 2002, 2006; Nakamura et al., 2004). Figure 4, Figure 5 and Table 1 reveal the higher rate of accommodation reactions measured in astaxanthin treated groups. These indicate the speed at which the ciliary body reacted to the direction change of focus (negative accommodation means from a near object at 35 centimeters to distant object at 5 meters or vice versa); (Nitta et al., 2005; Shiratoriet al., 2005; Nakamura et al., 2005; Iwasaki & Tawara, 2006). The effects of astaxanthin are significant from 2 weeks. Table 1. Improvement of negative accommodation time with astaxanthin (Iwasaki & Tawara, 2006)       Figure 4. Positive accommodation change (Shiratori et al., 2005)      Rate of positive accommodation improves with 6 mg astaxanthin Figure 5. Negative accommodation (Shiratori et al., 2005)      Rate of negative accommodation improves with 6 mg astaxanthin Another technique called HFC directly measured the microfluctuations in the lens during the accommodation response and typical values exist between 50 and 60 for normal eyes. Asthenopia sufferers (values greater than 60) experienced faster rates of recovery (Figure 6) in that their HFC results decrease towards normal values in less time compared to control groups (Takahashi & Kajita, 2005). Figure 6. Accommodative Recovery observing difference of HFC (Takahashi & Kajita, 2005)    Astaxanthin improves HFC accommodation recovery during rest periods after visual work. Increased Blood-flow Figure 7. Increase of retinal blood flow (Nagaki et al., 2005)    Retinal blood flow increases with astaxanthin after 4 weeks. Anti-inflammation Lastly, a top Japanese ophthalmology research collaboration between Hokkaido, Yokohama and Tokyo concluded anti-inflammatory properties of astaxanthin in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU or eye inflammation) both in vivo and in vitro models. In another study, Suzuki et al., (2006) confirmed the same effects while they carefully studied the anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin in the iris-ciliary body of rat eyes. This was also the first study to prove that astaxanthin suppressed NF-kB activation by free radicals in the EIU rat model (Figure 8). The result is a lower pro-inflammatory response that would otherwise perpetuate local sites of inflammation that may also help explain why astaxanthin worked to alleviate eye fatigue in numerous clinical trials. Figure 8. Number of NF-κB positive cells in eye ciliary body during inflammation (Suzuki et al., 2006)      Astaxanthin reduced the number of inflamed cells in the ciliary body. Outlook   Eye fatigue or asthenopia is a common problem that occurs with the regular use of VDTs and may be resolved with findings from many worldwide epidemiological studies. However, if current improvements tend to be only 50% successful and other factors are likely to be involved, therefore, based on the current clinical evidence, astaxanthin offers a complementary alternative by reducing inflammation, improving accommodation and increasing blood flow. References Anshel D. J. (2009). Healthy Eyes Better Vision, Summerlin Publishing Group, USA. Fukuda M, Takahashi J, Nishida Y, Sasaki H. (2008). Intraocular penetration of astaxanthin in rabbit eyes. Atarashii Ganka, 25(10):1461-1464. [In Japanese] Hashimoto H, Arai K, Takahashi J, Chikuda M, Obara Y. (2009). Effect of Astaxanthin Consumption on Superoxidize Scavenging Activity in Aqueous Humor. Atarashii Ganka, 26(2): 229-234. [In Japanese] Iwabayashi M, Fujioka N, Nomoto K, Miyazaki R, Takahashi H, Hibino S, Takahashi Y, Nishikawa K, Nishida M, Yonei Y. (2009) Efficacy and safety of eight-week treatment with astaxanthin in individuals screened for increased oxidative stress burden. J. Anti Aging Med. 6 (4):15-21. Iwasaki T, Tawara A. (2006). Effects of Astaxanthin on Eyestrain Induced by Accommodative Dysfunction. Atarashii Ganka, (6):829-834. [In Japanese] Kajita M, Tsukahara H, Kato M. (2009). The Effects of a Dietary Supplement Containing Astaxanthin on the Accommodation Function of the Eye in Middle-aged and Older People. Medical Consultation & New Remedies, 46(3). [In Japanese] Miyawaki H, Takahashi J, Tsukahara H, Takehara I. (2005). Effects of astaxanthin on human blood rheology. J. Clin. Thera. Med., 21(4):421-429. Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Yamada T, Hayasaka Y, Sanada M, Uonomi T. (2002). Effects of astaxanthin on accommodation, critical flicker fusions, and pattern evoked potential in visual display terminal workers. J. Trad. Med., 19(5):170-173. Nagaki Y, Mihara M, Tsukuhara H, Ohno S. (2006). The supplementation effect of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 22(1):41-54. Nagaki Y, Miharu M, Jiro T, Akitoshi K, Yoshiharu H, Yuri S, Hiroki T. (2005). The effects of astaxanthin on retinal capillary blood flow in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(5):537-542. Nakamura A, Isobe R, Otaka Y, Abematsu Y, Nakata D, Honma C, Sakurai S, Shimada Y, Horiguchi M. (2004). Changes in Visual Function Following Peroral Astaxanthin. Japan J. Clin. Opthal., 58(6):1051-1054. Nitta T, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Shinmei Y, Chin S, Yoshida K, Tsukuhara H, Ohno S. (2005). Effects of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia – Dose finding study in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(6):637-650. Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S. (2003). Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 44(6):2694-2701. Sawaki K, Yoshigi H, Aoki K, Koikawa N, Azumane A, Kaneko K, Yamaguchi M. (2002) Sports performance benefits from taking natural astaxanthin characterized by visual activity and muscle fatigue improvements in humans. J. Clin. Ther. Med., 18(9):73-88. Shiratori K, Ohgami K, Nitta T, Shinmei Y, Chin S, Yoshida K, Tsukahara H, Takehara I, Ohno S. (2005). Effect of astaxanthin on accommodation and asthenopia – Efficacy identification study in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(5):543-556. Sussman M. (2001) Total Health At The Computer, Station Hill, New York. Suzuki Y, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Jin XH, Ilieva I, Koyama Y, Yazawa K, Yoshida K, Kase S, Ohno S. (2006). Suppressive effects of astaxanthin against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the NF-kB signaling pathway. Exp. Eye Res., 82:275-281. Takahashi N, Kajita M. (2005). Effects of astaxanthin on accommodative recovery. J. Clin. Therap. Med., 21(4):431-436.

Eye color

Eye color is a polygenic phenotypic character determined by two distinct factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris and the frequency-dependence of the scattering of light by the turbid medium in the stroma of the iris.

In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of melanin in the iris pigment epithelium (located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma located at the front of the iris, and the cellular density of the stroma.

The appearance of blue, green, as well as hazel eyes results from the Rayleigh scattering of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to that which accounts for the blueness of the sky. Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or ocular fluid. Eye color is thus an instance of structural color and varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes

Pineal

Pineal

Through the ages it has been known that the Pineal is the interface between the higher dimensions and the physical realm. It can be said then to be the gateway between the ego personality, brain and the Divine Mind. It has been termed by metaphysicians such as Descartes and Edgar Cayce as being the 'Seat of the Soul'.


In a very real manner of speaking, the Pineal Gland is a 'Bio-Stargate'. It is a bridge from physical to non-physical, from duality to higher dimension. It is extremely complex, and is the screen from 3d brain to Infinite Mind.


The pineal is the agent of advancing knowing into reality manifestation.


The pineal works with the pituitary to open the bridge, the gateway between the physical and nonphysical, between brain and mind. Whatever knowledge you allow yourself to believe can only become a reality by the pineal first opening the gate to the Divine. It does this by interpreting the frequency of thought into a thermal bio chemical electrical current throughout your body and opening to mind.


Your human brain transforms the thoughts you generate into thousands of bio-chemicals every second. Not every thought of the ordinary brain reaches into Higher Mind.

Another MYTH about Eye sight

Another MYTH about Eye sight 

Just exercise them

Pinhole glasses instantly transform blurred vision into clear vision for astonished wearers who try them
But did you also know that there are lies and mythologies promoted by eye doctors, too?

Here's a real whopper that's told to almost everyone: The reason you need glasses when you get older is because -- get this -- your eyeball changes its shape!

The only way your eyeballs change shape is if your skull gets cracked This "eyeball changes its shape" con is a clever scam because it convinces tens of millions of people to buy high-priced prescription glasses each year, usually from the very same vision centers that promote this total quackery. If you just ponder it for a moment, you'll quickly realize how ludicrous the explanation really is. How can your eyeball change its shape when your eye SOCKET is made of bone?

Think about it. For your eyeball to get "longer" as they often tell you, your very skull would have to alter its bone structure. And while that most certainly happens in infants and children, the human skull doesn't keep changing shape when you're an adult. Unless you're run over by a truck or something, anyway, in which case blurred vision should be expected.

No, the real problem with the vision of most people is not that "your eyeball is getting longer" (ridiculous!) but rather that your lens muscles are getting flabby and out of shape!How your lens muscles gets flabby and out of shape Your iris is a muscle that controls your pupil, which is like the aperture of a camera lens. Its job is to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The iris is not our concern here because we're more interested in the muscles that alter the shape of your lens.

Those muscles are part of what's called the ciliary body of your eye. The ciliary body contains muscles that, in real time, alter the curvature of your eye lens to achieve the proper focus of whatever scene you are observing  "Proper focus" means altering the curvature of your lens so that the rays of light entering your eye fall on your retina with pinpoint accuracy.

As any photographer well knows, your focus must be altered when viewing something right in front of you (a near object) versus something far away (a far object). In a camera, this change in focus is achieved by altering the distance between two lenses contained in what is commonly called a "camera lens" (it's actually multiple lenses), but in the human eye, this is achieved by changing the shape of the lens through the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles.

You probably never noticed yourself doing this because you don't feel your ciliary muscles working, but they achieve this focus for you thousands of times a day, automatically and without any effort on your part.

Some people (like myself) have achieved conscious control over these muscles, and we can consciously choose to alter the focus of our eyes at any moment, regardless of what scene we're looking at. But for most people, the function is their ciliary muscles is involuntary. (I'm in my 50's and continue to have perfect vision, never needing contact lenses or glasses. I also boost my vision with nutrition such as astaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin supplements.)
How to strengthen your ciliary muscles that control your eye lenses Like any muscle, the ciliary muscles can become weak. How does a muscle become weak? From lack of exercise, of course. If you want strong legs, you need to walk and run from time to time, right? Well, if you want a strong, functioning ciliary muscle set, you need to alternate your visual focus among near objects and far objects so that these muscles are challenged to stay strong. This also increases the flexibility (range of motion) of your eye lenses (sort of like yoga for your eyes).

Now here's the real kicker in all this: Most people in modern society never view anything far away! They don't live out in the country, in other words, so they're not looking at something a mile away. No mountains are even visible in most cities, and peoples' vision is focused entirely on things that are close. So their ciliary muscles are "locked" in a state of constant contraction. This causes these muscles to tighten, just like your leg muscles if you never stretch out from time to time.

This is all made even worse by the television set -- or perhaps your computer monitor. Today's population spends so much time viewing mobile texting devices, cell phones, iPads, portable gaming devices and computer monitors that it's amazing their ciliary muscles have any range of motion at all.

Sooner or later, after a lack of exercise (i.e. focusing on things at various distances), your ciliary muscles get flabby while also losing range of motion and then your eye lenses can't achieve the focus they're supposed to. So instead of the light rays striking your retina where they're supposed to, they may strike a point inside your eyeball a quarter inch in front of your retina instead (as an example, or in other cases it may be some distance behind your retina, which also causes blurred vision). This is where eye doctors get their ridiculous idea that "your eyeballs are too long!"

That's silly. Your eyeballs aren't "too long." That's just some mythology dreamed up by vision doctors to sell you more glasses. No, unless you're a mutant or something, the real problem is that your ciliary muscles are too weak and lack range of motion to alter the curvature of your lenses.

This problem, fortunately, can often be solved with simple exercises.

(By the way, it should also be obvious from this that the very act of wearing contacts or wearing glassesmakes your eye problem worse because it allows your ciliary muscles to atrophy even further, relying on the artificial lenses of your glasses to do that work for you. In much the same way that taking insulin makes diabetes worse over the long haul, wearing glasses also makes your vision worse over time...)How to exercise your eyeballs and help restore healthy vision So what if there were a way to exercise your eyeballs and restore the strength and range of motion of your ciliary muscles? Would that restore normal vision?

For many people, YES! Not for everyone, of course. There are other causes of poor vision, such as cataracts, neurological damage (aspartame!), cross-linked protein rigidity of the lens itself (poor nutrition) and so on. But in a surprisingly large number of cases, healthy vision can be restored through simple exercises that you can do at home, in just a few minutes a day, using only your eyes and a simple tool.

That simple tool is a pair of pinhole glasses. They're like exercise machines for your eyes. You simply wear them for a few minutes a day, then walk around and look at stuff.


How pinhole glasses exercise your ciliary muscles and help restore normal vision Looking through pinhole glasses, as simple as it sounds, causes the ciliary body of your eyes to engage inadaptive exercise that increases the range of motion of your ciliary muscles which control your lenses. This happens because the pinhole glasses are made with hundreds of tiny holes that change the light entering your eyes from an overpowering mass of light rays to a collection of lower-intensity, distinct light rays that effectively give your eyes a more "organized" pattern on which to focus.

There's probably a more technical explanation for all this, but the practical upshot is that all sorts of people who suffer from vision problems -- myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, computer vision syndrome, and so on -- often report instantly improved clarity of vision when wearing these pinhole glasses.

It's not magic, it's just physics. If you force your eye lens muscles to adapt by challenging them, they will usually respond with improved function over time (just like building leg strength by walking or jogging).

Even better, many people report ongoing improvements in their vision even after taking off these pinhole glasses. Looking through the pinholes, you see, exercises the muscles that control the shape of your lens, and as those muscles become stronger (over a period of several days and weeks), they become more capable of focusing light in the proper place on your retina. This means no more blurry vision.

It's the same principle as doing pull-ups to get a stronger upper body, or walking up flights of stairs to build stronger leg muscles. Your eye lenses are controlled by muscles, and like any muscle in your body, those muscles need to be challenged in order to stay strong and fully functional -- and to restore their full, healthy range of motion.

I find it interesting, by the way, that some people would rather have crutches than restore their normal healthy function. Have you ever seen those people zipping around in electric scooters at the grocery store? Many of those people used to be able to walk just fine! But then they started using the scooters as a convenience, and now -- after a few months of that -- their leg muscles have atrophied to the point where they can't walk! Prescription glasses do the same thing to your eyes. Once you start using them, your ciliary muscles atrophy to the point where you need those glasses just to see clearly.

The vision industry, not surprisingly, makes money off consumer ignorance. It's not in their interests to teach people how to restore your own healthy vision without needing prescription glasses. This is the same way that the pharmaceutical industry doesn't want you to prevent disease because they make more money when you stay sick!


The safest and most affordable way to improve vision for many people Pinhole glasses are a safe and affordable way to take responsibility for your eye health and potentially avoid costly and inconvenient contact lenses or glasses forever. These pinhole glasses cost about the same as a pair of sunglasses at the grocery store, and they're not medical devices at all, so they need no prescription. They contain no lenses, either.

Safety note: Do not wear pinhole glasses while driving or operating heavy machinery such as an airplane, an automobile or a wrecking ball crane. These glasses partially obscure vision and should be used solely as exercise devices in a safe environment like your home.

They don't work for every case of vision impairment, of course, as there are many causes for blurred vision. But they work remarkably well for most people who try them. Many people are absolutely AMAZED at the instant difference they see when putting on these pinhole glasses. I've literally seen people shriek and scream, "I can see! It's all clear now!" The effect of almost miraculous for many, many people.We've heard countless success stories from people wearing these simple devices. Try them yourself to see how they might help you! And remember, our satisfaction guarantee means there's no risk in trying these to see how they might help you live with stronger, more flexible eye muscles.

Zero-cost options you can achieve on your own Another way to approach this is to simply exercise the range of motion of your ciliary muscles by alternating between focusing on close objects versus far away objects (such as the horizon). This is most easily accomplished from inside your home, near a window. Simply look at something on your desk, then look at something outside your window that's far, far away (ideally, at the horizon). Alternate this process several times, then rest your eyes, and then repeat. Do this daily for a few minutes each day.

With added nutritional support for eye health (lutein, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin and so on), these exercises can, over time, enhance the range of motion of your ciliary muscles and eye lenses. With these exercises, you may discover that you are able to reduce the intensity of your prescription glasses, step by step, until one day you don't need them at all.

The pinhole glasses may help accelerate this process even more, in much the same way that working out with weights is a faster way to build muscle strength than working out with no weights at all.

The most important point in all this is to realize that blurred vision is not some sort of permanent eye damage but usually just a functional aberration that can often be resolved through training. In much the same way that physical therapy can help people rebuild functional muscle mass in their legs, arms or torso, eye exercises can help rebuild functional strength in your eyes.

It's the greatest secret in the vision industry: Many people don't need eye glasses! Many people don't need contact lenses! What they need is eye exercise. But don't expect the for-profit vision industry to tell you about any of that. Like Big Pharma, they only make money when people stay uninformed, believing they cannot help themselves. , we specialize in teaching people how to restore health by taking responsibility for their own health outcomes, thereby avoiding the outrageous costs (and inhumane suffering) caused by the medical industry in all its forms.

Iridology About Iris constitutions

About Iris constitutions

The 3 main constitutional types

There are 3 main Iris color types, namely Brown, Blue and Grey. There is also an exception to these basic types known as a Biliary or Mixed Constitution, namely part blue and part brown. This type display a combination of factors that are found in both the blue and the brown eyed types.

Where the iris pigmentation is slight, the iris appears blue as is commonly found in the northern European type, where less pigmentation is required for protection against intense sunlight. On the other hand, with an increase in pigmentation, the color becomes more grey and proceeds to brown and on to dark brown, as is found in the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, African and Indian types. Over the generations, interbreeding has, in some instances produced a mixed genotype known as a Biliary Constitution, where the person inherits the strengths and weaknesses of both the brown and blue eyed constitutions.

We are therefore left with 3 distinct groupings:
the blue eyed constitution known as the Lymphatic Type
the pure brown eyed constitution known as the 

Haematogenic Type
and the combination of the two being the Mixed or Biliary Type.The Biliary constitutional type


The mixed or biliary constitution, whilst being prone to disturbances exhibited by both the Lymphatic and Haematogenic Types is, in the main, more prone to liver, gall bladder and pancreatic disturbances, flatulence, constipation, diabetes and blood diseases.


Constitution - Biliary

Iris Colour - Basic Blue background with a brown overlay. The iris often appears light brown to greenish brown; sometimes described as the hazel eye. bbn
Description - In many cases the iris appears uniformly brown and is therefore often confused with the Haemetogenic Constitution. Deeper observation however reveals that only the upper, cryptic leaf shows brown pigmentation with the lower leaf showing through as bluey-green. Usually, however, the iris will show clear areas of blue and contrasting brown areas. Contraction rings are often in evidence as is the darkened central area (central heterochromia). Sometimes sectorial heterochromia is evident. Occasionally, lymphatic tophi of various hues are also present.
Inherent Tendencies - Flatulence; constipation; colitis; hypoglycaemia; Diabetes; blood diseases; gall-stones; liver, gall-bladder, bile duct and pancreatic disorders; gastro-intestinal weakness with spasm; Haematogenic and Lymphatic Constitutional strengths and weaknesses.


The Haematogenic constitutional type


The true brown eye reflects the haematogenic constitution which is more prone to gastro-intestinal, liver, pancreatic, endocrine and blood disturbances.


Constitution - Haematogenic
Iris Colour - Brown to Deep Brown
Description - A true brown iris, with no underlying colours. The texture resembles velvet with few features. Under microscopic examination, however, fine differentiations are apparent. There are numerous chromatophorous cells and the stroma is therefore difficult to distinguish, with markings located mainly in the sectorial zone. Occasional lighter zones are present which give the appearance of sandpaper and indicate areas of inflammation or irritation. These are sometimes found in the heart and/or kidney zones and can be indicative of organic disease in these organs. Cramp rings and radials are often present as are anaemia, sodium or cholesterol rings.
It is not uncommon with this particular constitutional type to find brown blemishes on the sciera indicating latent hepatitis.
(The Oriental haematogenic is usually of a light yellow brown, with a texture resembling rough sandpaper when viewed under a microscope.)
Inherent Tendencies - Anaemia; lack of catalysts (iron, gold, arsenic, copper, zinc, iodine); blood diseases (Hepatitis, Jaundice); muscle spasms; arthritis; chronic degenerative illness; endocrine disorders (thyroid, adrenals and pituitary); spleenic disturbances; poor lymphatic drainage; swollen glands; Hodgkin's Disease; flatulance; constipation; colonic tumour; dyspepsia; digestive disorders with lowered enzymatic production; frequent intolerance to cows milk; ulcers; liver, gall-bladder and pancreatic malfunctions; Diabetes; circulatory disorders; auto-intoxication.



The Lymphatic constitutional type


The blue iris is characteristic of the lymphatic constitution. It is associated with conditions caused by excess production of catarrh and the resulting congestion of the lymphatic system that may inhibit immune function and elimination of toxins.



Constitution - Lymphatic
Type - Pure Lymphatic
Iris Colour - Blue
Description - Loose wavy fibres, like combed hair in a blue or grey iris.
Inherent Tendencies - Re-activity of the lymphatic system (adenoid and tonsil irritations; splenitis; swollen lymph nodes; irritated appendix; catarrh with exudations; eczema; acne; flakey, dry skin; dandruff; asthma; coughs; bronchitis; sinusitis; diarrhoea; arthritis; vaginal discharge; eye irritations; fluid retention).